The following script will detect check if the CCMSetup binaries are locally installed. If they are available, it will use those binaries to run the remove/install.

If they are not it will reach out to the UNC path specified in the script and copy them locally for the removal/install. Please note that the system has to have access to the UNC path in order for this to work.

# Capture date for filename.
$currentDate = (Get-Date -Format "yyyy-MM-dd")
# Specify Site Code
$memSiteCode = 'SITECODE'
# Specify Endpoint Server Name
$memServerName = 'SERVERNAME.tld'
# Specify Management Point Name
$memManagementPoint = 'MANAGEMENTPOINT.tld'

# If the CCMSetup binaries exist locally, use them to reinstall.
if (Test-Path $env:windir\ccmsetup\ccmsetup.exe) {
    # Stop existing process.
    Get-Process -Name CcmExec -ErrorAction Ignore | Stop-Process -Force -ErrorAction Ignore
    # Copy existing CCMSetup binaries from system.
    Copy-Item $env:windir\ccmsetup $env:SystemDrive\ccmsetup_$currentDate -Recurse -Force
    # Remove Client
    Start-Process "$env:SystemDrive\ccmsetup_$currentDate\ccmsetup.exe" -ArgumentList "/uninstall" -Wait -WindowStyle Hidden
    # Wait for process to complete.
    Wait-Process msiexec -ErrorAction Ignore
    Wait-Process ccmsetup -ErrorAction Ignore
    # Install Client
    # A full list of "CCMSetup.exe" properties can be found here: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/configmgr/core/clients/deploy/about-client-installation-properties
    Start-Process "$env:SystemDrive\ccmsetup_$currentDate\ccmsetup.exe" -ArgumentList "/service /UsePKICert Install=INSTALL=ALL SMSSITECODE=$memSiteCode RESETKEYINFORMATION=TRUE SMSMP=$memManagementPoint" -Wait -WindowStyle Hidden
    # Wait for process to complete.
    Wait-Process msiexec -ErrorAction Ignore
    Wait-Process ccmsetup -ErrorAction Ignore
    # Cleanup Directory
    Remove-Item "$env:SystemDrive\ccmsetup_$currentDate" -Recurse -Force
    # Invoke Policy Triggers
    if ((Get-Service -Name CcmExec).Status -eq "Running"){
        # Trigger Machine Policy Retrieval Cycle
        Invoke-WMIMethod -Namespace root\ccm -Class SMS_CLIENT -Name TriggerSchedule "{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000021}" -ErrorAction Ignore | Out-Null
        # Trigger Application Deployment Evaluation Cycle
        Invoke-WMIMethod -Namespace root\ccm -Class SMS_CLIENT -Name TriggerSchedule "{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000121}" -ErrorAction Ignore | Out-Null
        # Trigger Hardware Inventory Cycle
        Invoke-WMIMethod -Namespace root\ccm -Class SMS_CLIENT -Name TriggerSchedule "{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001}" -ErrorAction Ignore | Out-Null
    }
}

# If the CCMSetup binaries do not exist locally, copy them from the Endpoint Server.
else {
    # UNC Path to copy CCMSetup binaries, this is available on the Endpoint Server.
    $memUNCPath = "\\$memServerName\SMS_$memSiteCode\Client"
    # Stop existing process.
    Get-Process -Name CcmExec -ErrorAction Ignore | Stop-Process -Force -ErrorAction Ignore
    # Copy existing CCMSetup binaries from the Endpoint Server or UNC Path.
    Copy-Item $memUNCPath $env:SystemDrive\ccmsetup_$currentDate -Recurse -Force
    # Remove Client
    Start-Process "$env:SystemDrive\ccmsetup_$currentDate\ccmsetup.exe" -ArgumentList "/uninstall" -Wait -WindowStyle Hidden
    # Wait for process to complete.
    Wait-Process msiexec -ErrorAction Ignore
    Wait-Process ccmsetup -ErrorAction Ignore
    # Install Client
    # A full list of "CCMSetup.exe" properties can be found here: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/configmgr/core/clients/deploy/about-client-installation-properties
    Start-Process "$env:SystemDrive\ccmsetup_$currentDate\ccmsetup.exe" -ArgumentList "/service /UsePKICert Install=INSTALL=ALL SMSSITECODE=$memSiteCode RESETKEYINFORMATION=TRUE SMSMP=$memManagementPoint" -Wait -WindowStyle Hidden
    # Wait for process to complete.
    Wait-Process msiexec -ErrorAction Ignore
    Wait-Process ccmsetup -ErrorAction Ignore
    # Cleanup Directory
    Remove-Item "$env:SystemDrive\ccmsetup_$currentDate" -Recurse -Force
    # Invoke Policy Triggers
    if ((Get-Service -Name CcmExec).Status -eq "Running"){
        # Trigger Machine Policy Retrieval Cycle
        Invoke-WMIMethod -Namespace root\ccm -Class SMS_CLIENT -Name TriggerSchedule "{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000021}" -ErrorAction Ignore | Out-Null
        # Trigger Application Deployment Evaluation Cycle
        Invoke-WMIMethod -Namespace root\ccm -Class SMS_CLIENT -Name TriggerSchedule "{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000121}" -ErrorAction Ignore | Out-Null
        # Trigger Hardware Inventory Cycle
        Invoke-WMIMethod -Namespace root\ccm -Class SMS_CLIENT -Name TriggerSchedule "{00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001}" -ErrorAction Ignore | Out-Null
    }
}

References: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/configmgr/core/clients/deploy/about-client-installation-properties